170210180096_Yeremia Theofilo Alexandro Budhi Essays - Free Essays

170210180096_Yeremia Theofilo Alexandro Budhi Essays - Free Essays BAHASA INDONESIA KESETARAAN GENDER DALAM BIDANG PENDIDIKAN 15392403344400 Disusun Oleh : Yeremia Theofilo Alexandro Budhi (1702101800 96 ) MAKALAH BAHASA INDONESIA TUGAS PERKULIAHAN BERSAMA UNIVERSITAS PADJAJARAN 2018 KATA PENGANTAR Dengan menyebut nama Tuhan Yang Maha Esa . Segala puji hanya milik Tuhan Yang Maha Esa semata, pertama-tama penulis panjatkan puji serta syukur kehadirat Nya sebagai yang Maha Kuasa atas segala yang ada di langit dan di bumi, serta Maha Penentu atas kelangsungan seluruh hidup hamba-hambanya. Karena atas segala rahmat dan hidayahnya, saya sampai saat ini masih diijinkan menikmati segala keindahan dan keindahan-Nya. Atas segala rahmatnya, saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas Makalah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan berdasarkan Sustainable Development Goal's yang berjudul "Kesetaraan Gender dalam Bidang Pendidikan". Judul ini diambil dari tema Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan poin ke 4 yaitu "Pendidikan Berkualitas"dan poin ke 5 yaitu "Kesetaraan Gender". Dengan dibuatnya makalah ini, semoga para pembaca dapat memahami mengenai pembahasan yang penulis sajikan. Jatinangor , Desember 2018 Penyusun DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN SAMPUL...................................................................... . . . .....1 KATA PENGANTAR.................................................................... . ..........2 DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................3 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN.........................................................................4 Latar Belakang....................................................................................4 Rumusan Masalah...............................................................................4 Tujuan............................................................................................ . .....5 BAB 2 PEMBAHASAN.................................................................. . ........5 2.1 Persepktif Gender......................................... .......................................5 2. 2 Kesetaraan Gender.............................................................. ............. . ...6 2. 3 Peran Dalam Dunia Pendidikan... ................................................... . . ...6 BAB 3 PENUTUP.................................................... ...............................7 3.1 Kesimpulan.......................................................................................... 7 3.2 Saran....................................................................................... .............8 BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang Perlakuan yang kurang adil terhadap perempuan masih sering kita temui di berbagai penjuru dunia. Perlakuan yang tidak seimbang ini acap kali terjadi diberbagai lapisan masyarakat. Alasannya sangat jelas dan belum berubah, yaitu karena budaya yang turun temurun dan mendarah daging dan sudah ada selama beribu tahun , dimana dunia terjebak dalam konsep bahwa wanita akan selalu berada dibawah kekuasaan pria. Bukan tanpa sebab jika wanita memerlukan pendidikan yang tinggi. Karena para wanita ini akan menjadi sekolah pertama bagi anak-anak mereka kelak. Wanita memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan ini, yaitu dalam peningkatan kualitas generasi muda . T anpa wanita, pria pun tidak akan bisa berdiri dengan sukses. Sebab, dibalik pria sukses sudah pasti ada wanita hebat yang berdiri disampingnya. Dengan demikian, sudah seharusnya kita membuka mata dan pikiran kita untuk selalu memberikan ruang kebebasan agar para wanita bisa memperoleh hak nya untuk menempuh pendidikan setinggi mungkin. Kita juga harus merubah stigma yang beranggapan wanita tidak perlu bersekolah tinggi. Mengingat, seorang wanita adalah pendidik pertama dan utama. Sudah menjadi takdir bahwa seorang wanitalah yang akan melahirkan, membesarkan, dan mendidik seorang anak. Para wanita hebat ini juga m embantu tumbuh kembang generasi penerus bangsa yang secara alamiah memiliki keterikatan batin yang sangat kuat antara diri mereka sendiri dan anak mereka . Namun amat disayangkan, ruang gerak perempuan dibatasi oleh perspektif yang kurang adil dalam kedudukan mereka sebagaimana mestinya, termasuk dalam hal pendidikan. Masih ada segelintir wanita yang memegang teguh budaya dan pengukuhan bahwa mereka tidak butuh pendidikan yang tinggi, sebab pada akhirnya, mereka akan berujung bergulat di dapur. Rumusan Masalah Apa itu gender? Seperti apa kesetaraan gender itu? Bagaimana perannya dalam dunia pendidikan? Tujuan Dalam penulisan ini, penulis mengidentifikasi beberapa ketidakadilan terhadap kaum wanita, khususnya di bidang pendidikan. Juga agar pembaca dapat memahami dan terbuka pikirannya bahwasanya wanita sangat perlu pendidikan yang tinggi dengan tidak membeda-bedakan dan bersikukuh pada budaya yang sudah turun temurun tersebut . BAB 2 PEMBAHASAN 2.1 Perspektif Gender Gender secara umum dapat diartikan sebagai pembeda antara jenis kelamin pria dan wanita. Dari pemahaman tersebut muncullah paham mengenai perbedaan - perbedaan pria dan wanita. Pemahaman ini kebanyakan menganggap wanita merupakan bentuk manusia yang lebih lemah dan akan selalu berada dalam naungan seorang pria. Juga d imana , pria merupakan bentuk manusia yang lebih kuat yang memiliki kekuasaan diatas wanita , b aik secara sosial maupun budaya. Perspektif gender itu sendiri sangat mempunyai ketimpangan sosial didalamnya . Salah satu contohnya adalah dimana wanita dan pria selalu dibedakan dalam pencapaiannya di dunia pendidikan. Sebab masyarakat luas masih memandang bahwa wanita hidupnya hanyalah untuk mengabdi sebagai istri dan berdiam di rumah, mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah, dan mengurus anak. Sedang kan pria, mencari nafkah sebanyak-banyaknya agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga dan terlihat di khalayak luas sebagai keluarga ideal. Amat disayangkan, karena hal tersebut kini kaum pria cukup semena-mena karena merasa sebagai " yang mencari uang ", bahkan sampai dalam beberapa kejadian memperlakukan istrinya layaknya pembantu. Wanita yang dipanggilnya sebagai

Development of Democracy Dbq Essay Example

Development of Democracy Dbq Essay Example Development of Democracy Dbq Essay Development of Democracy Dbq Essay History 8, November 2012 Development of Democracy DBQ The emergence of democracy would change the United States forever. Our country today wouldn’t be what it is today without democracy in place. During the 1820s-1850s democracy truly started to appear in the nation. With ideas of every man should be equal and the uprising of the abolition movements. Women didn’t keep their thoughts out of it either. In 1828 President Jackson was elected and with this he brought the idea of everyman should be equal. He also believed in that whatever he wanted, he would get and take it by any means. Also during this time abolitionist started voicing their ideas about how there should be no slavery and that all slaves are on an equal level as the white man. Woman also felt this was the perfect time to voice their opinion as well. Not all women but some felt like they were being pushed to the side and not even looked at for any decision. The women started protests and took legal action on this and fought for their right to be acknowledged in the social and political society. All these events helped develop democracy. During the early 1820s Andrew Jackson was making a push to become president of the United States. People loved him because of his background. He was from a simple beginning, working his way up through the military and eventually becoming a politician. When he ran in 1824 election, he lost because Henry Clay and john Quincy Adams teamed up and helped Adams become president. This became known as the corrupt bargain. In 1828 Jackson ran again and won the Presidential election. Once in office he saw that the regulations for the ability to vote were too much for some people, so Jackson went ahead and took away the provision of needing to own land to vote. After he did this he saw a drastic increase in voting especially with the poorer people. This is one of the reasons why people loved him and also how democracy was further developed. The people now had a voice. (doc. A) Once in office he looked to help more of the lower class. He noticed that most of the lower class were being cheated by the rich elite people, so he set out to help out the lower class. Jackson felt the second national bank was one of the main causes of the lower class being in poverty and turmoil. When it came down to deciding the outcome of the bank, Jackson vetoed the bank and said that the bank gave wealthy Americans the opportunity to take advantage of poor farmers and factory workers. He believed that the bank could hurt the nation by limiting the loans it gave out and make money tight. (doc. D) Also he believed that the bank could soon alter elections because it favored certain congressman because that congressman would have lower interest loans. doc. D) Jackson wanted to show congress that he was the man going to make the decisions and that they weren’t going to cheat the common man out of money and that they need to do good business for all. The abolition movement kicked off in the early 1830s during Jacksons First presidential term. The movement was dedicated to outlawing or abolishing the institution of slavery in the United States. Opponents in sl avery had always existed in the United States. However abolitionists called for an immediate end of slavery. Many women were involved in the movement and had a particularly active role because they wanted to be part of something that could make a difference. Jackson supported the abolition movement even though he was a slave owner. The south was against allowing slaves to be free. Many abolitionist societies and publications started showing up in the north around the early 1830’s. William Lloyd Garrison wrote a weekly anti slavery newspaper titled â€Å"The Liberator†, he spoke about how he hated slavery and how it should not exist. It was very odd at the time for Garrison to be writing about freeing slaves because he was a white man and that’s something white men don’t do. (doc. G) There were always white people that felt a sense to help because they felt bad but it was mostly in the north and Midwest. They felt that the institution of slavery was bad but the people didn’t let go of their racist thoughts about blacks. Due to the number of free blacks in the north, even though it was a small amount of blacks the Philadelphia area started to see a rise in blacks in the middle class. The blacks started to get jobs as shoemakers, bakers, cooks, and barbers. the white people saw this and this created a â€Å"Negro Phobia†, which was a anti black sentiment created in many ways. (doc. H) Slaves and free blacks were feeling sorrow because they couldn’t understand how whites could do this to another human, another man with a heart. (doc. B) The voices being heard throughout this movement were very ground breaking. This promoted democracy because people were trying to make a change in the social aspect of the government. Another huge reform during this time was women’s suffrage. Women felt they were being pushed aside like rag dolls. They wanted men to know that they mattered to this nation for more than just the ability to conceive a child. It was like how it was when the U. S. was fighting for its independence, the women were looked at with no threat but then once they started fighting back they were taken differently. Men thought of women as very inferior to themselves. Men thought that a women couldn’t handle being in politics because they would get confused and make a mess of things. doc. F) Once women felt the ability to stand up for themselves, they started telling the men what they wanted. Men were looked at on the same level as women by women. (doc. E) The women took a stand against men with the temperance movement. The women wanted their husbands to be sober well men and not become drunks. They saw that if the father is a good man then most likely the son will learn from the f ather. This movement of women caused an uproar but due to the uproar the society finally knew women were here to make a difference.

Dry Bones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dry Bones - Essay Example It would also seem that this subject may have been a victim of an accident with the hole occurring in the frontal lobe which is just under the browline. This person could also have been a subject of a lobotomy with respect to psychiatric assessment to deal with dementia. The scapular spine differences where the spine supports the acromion process; it divides the posterior surface of the scapula into a supraspinatous fossa and an infraspinatous fossa which may mean that this person was a deformed person through the shoulder bone malformities. Judging from the size of the femur bone, which gives us the approximate height of the person, being adult or child, it would seem that this was of an adolescent and quite possible pre-pubescent based on the narrow pelvis and outlet being small means that this was a female subject prior to any childbirth. Since the bone density is heavy, this subject has not been afflicted with any forms of osteoporosis which generally happens upon the onset of middle age or for women, during menopause.

Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Popular Culture - Essay Example In particular, many advertisements connote popular culture adopted by communities across the globe. The advert â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box†, consisting of two modern women fighting over a Bailey product represents the place of women in popular culture. This essay will analyze the advert by applying storytelling method, gender and sexuality method and finally discussing a source related to the advert. In summarizing the â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box† advert, it is possible to draw several aspects that represent popular culture in the community. The advert consists of two contemporary women fighting over a baileys product. Several aspects in the advert indicate that the women represent the modern society. The dressing codes used by both women in the advert indicate modern culture. One woman is dressed using a shorter dress that is mostly used by youthful women in different parts of the world. The second woman is dressed up using an outfit that perfectly fi ts in her body, an outfit that is popular among youthful and classy women. In addition, both women in the advert are groomed using high heeled shoes, which are trendy among classy women in the society. Further, the advert portrays a Bailey product being wrapped using a gift box, something that is commonly associated with women because the majority of women in the society like to receive gifts. Finally, the advert includes a picture of beautiful jewelry indicating that Bailey’s Fine Jewelry is capable of producing quality and attractive products for women in the society. This print medium used in the â€Å"Every Woman Wants A Bailey Box† advert has several primary strengths that make the advert to be successful in attracting the target segment to purchase Bailey’s Jewelry. To start with, the advert incorporates emotional appeals that play an important role in attracting the target audience.  

Nursing Informatics- evidence-based practice and technology Article

Nursing Informatics- evidence-based practice and technology - Article Example Health information technology has made it possible for medical researchers to create a database of information gleaned from the research. It is possible to use health information technology to search online journals for evidence-based practice on how to optimize the flow of patients in and out the emergency rooms. Evidence-based practices that are used to optimize patient flow in other hospitals can be accessed via different databases (Thede, 2008). The flow of patients in the emergency rooms is a key component of quality care in any emergency department. Health Information Technology supports evidenced based practice by allowing medical practitioners to publish research results in online databases. Medical professionals from different places can access these databases (Thede, 2008). Health Information Technology has made it possible to disseminate information fast, which helps in improving efficiency in evidence-based

Nanogels for Anticancer Drug Delivery

Nanogels for Anticancer Drug Delivery The applications of Nanogels in the field of medicine are currently under rapid growth of interest with more focus given on improving current therapies and diagnostic modalities. Nanogels composed of ionic or non-ionic network of amphiphilic polymer chains, when dispersed in aqueous media swell to considerable volume. Biological agents and drugs can be loaded into the nanogel by physical and chemical interactions between the agent and the functional group in the polymer matrix, resulting in unique class of polymeric nanocarrier with high dispersion stability. The most attractive features of the nanogels include high biocompatibility, versatility in design, and controlled release of payload with wide range of drug loading and release, the specificity and ability to physically protect biological molecules from degradation invivo and have been preclinically investigated for different anticancer drugs. In a study on targeted nanogels done by Baklaushev et al, the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin loaded nanogels was checked on glioma cells 101/8. Nanogels synthesised using PMAA polymer cross-linked with CaCl2. Nanogels upon EDC activation cross-linked to monoclonal antibodies Cx43 and BSAT1 specific for targeting gliomal cells along with flexible PEG linker resulting in a size of 123 Â ± 5 nm, with a zeta potential of -15Â ±5 mV. Targeted nanogels significantly reduced the intrastriatal glioma compared to the control group receiving 5% dextrose up to the 30th day of the study. But no significance was observed for animals treated with targeted nanogels and free cisplatin. Heparin-polyethyleneimine (HPEI)nanogels loaded with cisplatin along with shRNA were synthesised by Lili Liu et al for targeting CLDN3 gene up regulated in ovarian cancer. These nanogels showed superior biodegradability, excellent blood compatibility and low-toxicity. Western blot analysis and CLDN3 immunostainin g were done to check the knockdown efficiency. Nude mice bearing intraperitoneal ovarian carcinomas were treated with drug loaded nanogels and the results showed that pshCLDN3/HPEI effectively suppressed the expression of CLDN3 in ovarian cancer along with synergistic antitumor activity when compared to cisplatin alone, along with low systemic toxicity. Nukolova NV et al loaded cisplatin into PEG-b-PMAA nanogels conjugated with (D-Lys6)-LHRH. With a loading efficiency of 35%, the nanogel showed receptor based cytotoxicity cells positive for LHRH showed greater uptake and cytotoxicity compared to LHRH negative ovarian cancer cells. Invivo antitumor activity was more for LHRH-nanogels with less toxicity compared to equimolar dose of free cisplatin and untargeted nanogels. A pH and thermal responsive nanogelwas developed for cisplatin delivery by conjugating the MAA, NIPAm, mPEGMA with MBA as the cross-linker. The pH response is achieved with breaking the bond between COOH and cisplati n in presence of the chlorine ion present in the human body. The acidic response is modified by incorporating thermal responsive NIPAm, this will slow down the cisplatin release from the nanogel structure. Cellular uptake was mainly localized in cytoplasm. Invivo antitumor activity using breast cancer mice modals showed better activity with longer circulation time. In the study by Jin et al, controlled delivery of cisplatin to ovarian cancer cells SKOV-3 were achieved using a biodegradable nanogel made by cocondensation polymerization of piperazine with 2,2-bis(acryloxymethyl)propionic acid, PEG 2,2-bis(acryloxymethyl)propionate macromonomer (mPEG). Carboxylic acid-functionalized poly(beta -aminoester)graft-poly(ethylene glycol) nanogels were size of around 200nm, negatively charged with water soluble nature. The cytotoxicity of nanogels on SKOV-3 cells were significantly lower than the free cisplatin whereas the invivo activity towards SKOV3 tumor xenografted immunecompromised mice was same. According to Jin et al, this decrease in cytotoxicity of cisplatin loaded nanogel on SKOV-3 cells due to the drug release kinetics which showed an initial burst release,making the response of cisplatin similar to that of free cisplatin. Also negatively charged nanogel will limit the cellular internalization delaying the cisplatin response. Only with biodistribution studies the similarity in the activity of free cisplatin and nanogel loaded cisplatin be proved. Maeda et al synthesised water soluble ÃŽ ²-1, 3-glucan schizophyllan (SPG) nanogel which can be recognized by an immunocyte receptor called dectin-1. When naphthalene introduced into the side chain of SPG (nSPG), it formed nanogel by physical cross-link and gained capability to ingest hydrophobic compounds such as doxorubicin. The in vitro assay revealed that this nanogel can be used as specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs to immunocytes. A dual-responsive prodrug nanogel system that shows very low unspecific drug leaching, but efficient intracellular release of the payload triggered by the intracellular conditions.This dual-responsive prodrug nanogel was prepared by an inverse nanoprecipitation method, which is mild and surfactant free, and based on a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction and thiol-Michael addition reaction. Highly biocompatible hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG) was cross-linked with disulfide bonds, to obtain biodegradable nanogels, which could be degraded under intracellular reductive conditions. Doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to the biodegradable nanogel matrix via an acid-labile hydrazone linker. Two different prodrug nanogels were prepared with a size of approximately 150nm, which is big enough to take the advantage of the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect in tumor tissue . Cell culture analysis by microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that the prodrug nanogels were efficiently internalized by tumor cells. Distinct release profiles of DOX were achieved by adjusting the nanogel architecture, and online detection of cytotoxicity showed that, unlike free DOX, the dual-responsive prodrug nanogels exhibited a delay in the onset of toxicity, indicating the different uptake mechanism and the need for prodrug activation to induce cell death. To achieve effective intracellular anticancer drug delivery, the polymeric vesicles supplemented with the pH-responsive outlayered gels as a delivery system of doxorubicin (DOX) were developed from self-assembly of the lipid/polypeptide adduct, distearin grafted poly(ÃŽ ³-glutamic acid) (poly(ÃŽ ³-GA)), followed by sequential deposition of chitosan and poly(ÃŽ ³-GA-co-ÃŽ ³-glutamyl oxysuccinimide)-g-monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) in combination with in situ covalent cross-linking on assembly surfaces. The resultant g el-caged polymeric vesicles (GCPVs) showed superior performance in regulating drug release in response to the external pH change. Under typical physiological conditions (pH 7.4 and 37 Â °C) at which the ÃŽ ³-GA/DOX ionic pairings remained mostly undisturbed, the dense outlayered gels of GCPVs significantly reduced the premature leakage of the uncomplexed payload. With the environmental pH being reduced from pH 7.4 to 4.7, the drug liberation was appreciably promoted by the massive disruption of the ionic ÃŽ ³-GA/DOX complexes along with the significant swelling of nanogel layers upon the increased protonation of chitosan chain segments. After being internalized by HeLa cells via endocytosis, GCPVs exhibited cytotoxic effect comparable to free DOX achieved by rapidly releasing the payload in intracellular acidic endosomes and lysosomes. This strongly implies the great promise of such unique GCPVs as an intracellular drug delivery carrier for potential anticancer treatment. The tripl e layered nanogel developed by Xiong MH et al, can deliver the drug doxorubicin specifically in the bacteria accumulated tumor environment. The bacteria SBY1 can selectively infect and proliferate in tumors owing to the unique environment within solid tumors, including hypoxia, aberrant neovasculature, and local immune suppression is more in tumor compared to the normal tissue; upon nanogel administration these bacteria will trigger the selective degradation of the PCL fence of TLND resulting in DOX release and thus killing tumor cells. Chitin PLA composite nanogel were loaded with Doxorubicin (Dox) for the treatment of liver cancer. Nanogels were of size of around 270Â ±20 nm with higher swelling and degradation in acidic pH. Drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release studies were carried out and showed a higher drug release at acidic pH compared to neutral pH. The cytotoxicity of the composite nanogels was analysed toward HepG2 (human liver cancer) cell lines.

Crying Souls in The Slave Dancer :: Slave Dancer Essays

Crying Souls in The Slave Dancer It all began in the cold month of January, 1840, in a town familiar to many; New Orleans. Fog laid a heavy blanket on the streets and alleyways of the city. Rain steadily engulfed the seaside locality, and the sound of drunken riverboat men and the slaves celebrating their terrible festivities surrounded the area. New Orleans was the location where Jessie Bollier lived, and 'tis the place where he was captured on that dark January evening. Jessie then found himself aboard The Moonlight, the slaver with its towering sails and masts, cabins and storage space under the deck. For these were places where Jessie had to 'dance the slaves' and where the captain and crew would spend many weeks living in fear of the slaves, of each other, and of getting caught. The story then briefly took the ship's crew and captain to Whydah in the Bight of Benin, the rugged coasts of Africa, where the multitudes of slaves were captured and mistreated. They then made their way across the Atlantic once again to land in the Gulf of Mexico. The Moonlight was anchored there and stayed because it was here where the ship submerged. Two passengers then washed up to the shores of Mississippi where Jessie and Ras meet Daniel, their soon to be friend. Finally, the story concludes in the place it began...the clamoring streets of New Orleans. The Slave Dancer is written in first person point of view, through Jessie's eyes, and projects a depressing, melancholy mood. It is the tragic song of the slaves. The hero of the story is the thirteen year old boy, Jessie Bollier. "He's a fearful runt," comments Captain Cawthorne. He is brought on board the slaver to make the slaves dance, to keep them healthy. Jessie innocent and does not fully understand his purpose. "My life h ad turned upside down. My friend was a man who pressganged me. I disliked the man who befriended me." Jessie does not realize what is going on within him. He does not realize that these men, these women, and children are slaves...are owned. He does not perceive the cruel treatment of the slaves, but does not know why. Jessie himself puts it best, "My stomach rebelled." The antagonist is surprisingly Jessie, but after the voyage. He went through many changes after the excursion. "At first, I made a promise to myself: I would do nothing that was connected with the use of slaves.

How the Visual Media Affect People

In modern society, media Is everywhere, and It Is almost Impossible to avoid. The mass media have become such an ordinary, everyday part of society that many people fail to realize the immense impact which the mass media have on all aspects of society – including political, economic, and ideological aspects. The mass media influence the way we vote, the things we buy, the way we act, the values we hold, and the way we perceive reality. The media can be very helpful to people and their children who carefully choose he movies and shows that they watch.With high-quality programming in various fields of study-?science, medicine, nature, history, the arts, and so on-?TV and videotapes increase the. Knowledge of the average and the well-educated person; they can also improve thinking ability. Moreover, television benefits elderly people who cannot go out often, as well as patients in hospitals and residents of nursing faceless. Additionally, It offers language learners the advantage of ‘real-life' audiovisual Instruction and aural comprehension practice at any time of day or night.And of course, television and video can provide almost everyone with good entertainment-?pleasant ways to relax and spend free time at home. Nevertheless, there are several serious disadvantages to the visual media. First of all, some people watch the tube' for more hours In a day than they do anything else. In a large number of homes, TV sets-?as many as five or more In a single household – are always on. Instead of spending time taking care of their kids, parents often use the tube as an ‘electronic baby sitter. As a result, television and video can easily place family communication as well as physical activity and other interests. Secondly, too much TV-?especially programming of low educational value-?can reduce people's ability to concentrate or reason. In fact, studies show that after only a 20. Minute minutes or two of visual media, a person's mind ‘rel axes' as It does during light sleep. Another possible effect of television and videotapes on the human brain is poor communication. Children who watch a lot of TV may lose their ability to focus on a subject or an educational activity for more than ten to fifteen 24. Mute minutes. Maybe it is because of the visual media that some kids-?and adults too-? develop attention deficit disorder ADD, a modern condition in which people are unable to pay attention, listen well, follow Instructions, or remember everyday things. A third negative feature of the media is the amount of violence or horror on the screen-?both in real events in the news and movies or TV programs. It scares people and gives them terrible nightmares; the fear created by media images and language can last for a long time.On the other hand, frequent viewers of ‘action programming' unusual about violent crime, fight, killing, and other terrible events and behavior. Studies show that certain personality types are like ly to have strong emotional reactions or dangerous thoughts after some kinds of ‘entertainment. ‘ They may even copy the acts that they see on violent shows-?start fires, carry and use weapons, attack people in angry or dangerous ways, and even worse. Because of the visual media, some people may become dissatisfied with the reality of their own lives.To these viewers, everyday life does not seem as exciting as the roles actors play in movies or TV dramas. They realize they are not having as much fun as the stars of comedy shows. Furthermore, average people with normal lives may new famous media personalities, who seem to get unlimited amounts of money and attention. Also, media watchers might get depressed when they cannot take care of situations in real life as well as TV stars seem to. On the screen, they notice, actors solve serious problems in hour or half-hour programs-?or in twenty- second commercials.Yet another negative feature of modern television is called tras h TV. ‘ These daily talk shows bring real people with strange or immoral lives, personalities, or behavior to the screen. Millions of viewers-?including children-?watch as these ‘instant stars' tell their most personal secrets, shout out their angry feelings and opinions, and attack one another. TV watchers seem to like the emotional atmosphere and excitement of this kind of programming-?as well as the tension of the real but terrible stories on TV ‘news magazine' shows.What effect does frequent viewing of such programs have on people's lives? It makes television more real than reality, and normal living begins to seem boring. Finally, the most negative effect of the tube might be addiction. People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch TV or play a CD even when they do not enjoy it or have the free time for entertainment. Addiction to a TV or video screen is similar to drug or alcohol dependence: addicts almost never believe they are addicted. Even so, tr uthful media addicts have to give yes answers to many of these questions.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1. Approaching the issue The task of setting out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it. * Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science. * Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words. The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below). On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from time to time). However, it has apparently not been done. I will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals. Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the improvement of the conditio humana. It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it can be fully achieved only in communication. To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one. * On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another contribution to improving the conditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger contribution to the practical side. This is the basis for the distinction between pure and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language. Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it. This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized. As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them. Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and description of its object 3. elaboration of procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema. 2. Theory: the nature of human language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object. In this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native language In characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science. In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain language 2. language description: 1. the setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system: * semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a language must be such that people who do not have access to the language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation. The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this. It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description take the historical dimension of the object into account. That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution. Some of them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc. linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions that respond to them. 5. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems. * The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities. There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes. This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its fulfillment of this task. 6. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization. The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold. In other words, no discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines. The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e. where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking care of the rest. Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may use them. For instance, there must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines. For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community. A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1. Theory: the nature of human language 2. Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level. Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper description presupposes a theory on which it can be based. Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana. It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the content and form of descriptions. Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context. They are, however, preconditions for the attainment of goals #1 – #3. As said before, no serious theory can be developed, no adequate descriptions and documentations can be produced, and no practical problems can be solved, without an arsenal of pertinent methods and without a systematic interchange with disciplines that partly share the object area or the epistemic interest.

Caribbean region climate Essays

Caribbean region climate Essays Caribbean region climate Essay Caribbean region climate Essay Introduction ‘’ A tourist who moves about to see and hear and open himself to all influences of the places which condense centuries of human greatness, is only a man in search of excellence ‘’ Max lamer 1990 The study of tourism geography is essential to the tourism industry as it illustrate ways in which man impact the environment and also how the environment influence man. According to wiki pedia , tourism geography is that branch of science which deals with the study of travel and its impact on places This research seek to unfold how the knowledge of the sub sectors of tourism and geography can help the tourism and hospitality industry cater to the psychological demands and purpose of travel of potential tourist Though there are many sub sectors of tourism and geography, the sub sectors that will be my primary focus in this research are as followed: Sub sectors of geography Climatology, biogeography, political geography Sub sectors of tourism Eco tourism, sport tourism, special tourism Sub Sectors of Geography Impact on Tourism Climatology In definition, climatology is the studies of climate scientifically define as weather condition average over a period of time and is the branch of the atmosphere science. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Climatology For many of the world, climate is the main motivation for attracting visitors; any change in climate affect the resources. In the Caribbean region, we have a tropical climate with little variation in temperature regardless of the time of the year. Jamaica enjoy sunshine all year round with sunshine divided into dry and wet season with the last six month of the year(June November) being the wettest and the first six months (Dec – May) being the driest. The Caribbean hurricane season begins June and end November. With the knowledge of climatology, the tourism and hospitality industry would be able to identify the best time of the year for tourist to visit our country and also know when is the ideal time tourist may want to escape there country just for a while to experience something difference. For example, tourist who is coming to Jamaica for the beautiful weather, relaxation, adventure and a fun-filled vacation may not want to visit Jamaica in the hurricane/wet period which is from May – Nov. Most countries have a fairly good climate at this time of the year so these tourists may have no need to come to Jamaica in that peiod. However, visitors would much prefer to come to Jamaica in the dry period which is from Dec – May, because (in some counties that our tourist come from ) there climate may change from being hot /warm to very cold/ snowy, while in Jamaica our climate remain pretty much the same ,only with less rainfall and no danger of hurricanes Biogeography According to the American heritage science dictionary, biogeography is the scientific study of the geography distribution of plant and animal. Biogeography is essential to tourism as it to seeks enlighten the public about the importance of the existence of species, animal and plants to a country/region and factors affecting the extinction / distribution of it. Today, there is a growing amount of tourist who is interesting in the world of nature. As a result, eco-destinations that informs people about the natural environment and promotes its welfare, has boomed in some countries. A knowledge of biogeography can aid the tourism industry in catering for potential tourist in that, the industry can protect and promote our natural habitant for those tourist whose main purpose of traveling to un-known land, is to enjoy an environment with little/ or no man made damage. Jamaica has many natural resources that is home to many species, plan life, and animals. Example of these are the Negril Marine Park, black river morass, royal palm reserve, dolphin head reserve, ocho rios marine park, cockpit country reserve, port Antonia marine park. One way a tourist and hospitality industry can cater to those environmental fanatic tourists is to promote the blue mountain as adventure tour. Example, an experience tour guides could facilitate a wonderful camping/hiking experience filled with information about the history of the mountain, the wild life and species that is in existence and could still be found in the mountain. Political Geography Political geography is the field of human geography that is concerned with the study of outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Knowledge of Political geography can help the tourism and hospitality industry cater to potential tourist by educating guest of political changes that is in effect and its impact on the tourist and the industry (if any). E. g. he Tivoli Raid, which causes the country to go into, a state of emergency, tax increase on airfare etc. In the case of the Tivoli operation, the tourism/hospitality industry could educate a potential guest (who may want to visit Jamaica for recreation/relaxation purposes but is however unsure of his/her safety in the country) about the geographical division of the island, and the distance between the parish being affected and the parish of interest to the tourist . Special Event Tourism Special Events Tourism? is the Creation and organization of activities that may or may not be designed for attracting tourists. These may be sporting events, conferences, music and culinary festivals. There are a growing number of special events tin Jamaica that encourage travellers to go to areas to which they may not otherwise go. Many of these events are so successful that they have become national or international attractions. For example, the jazz and blues festival, reggae sum fest and ATI / Dream Weekend were thousands of foreigners come to Jamaica yearly With the knowledge of special event tourism, the hospitality industry can cater to those tourists who want to come to Jamaica for a special even by providing excellent accommodation along with good security with the convenience of transportation to take visitors to and from the event. Promoting special events so that potential guest can be aware of the events o be taking place is another way of catering to the needs of potential visitors, it is also a way in attracting visitors to come to the country all year round. Eco Tourism The International Ecotourism Society defines Ecotourism as:Â   responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people. The tourism and hospitality industry can cater to the physiological needs of those environmental fanatic tourists, by providing guided tours of the countryâ €™s natural environment. e. g. Dolphin cove, Mystic Mountain, May field falls . Ecotourism means education, for both tourists and residents of nearby communities, therefore its essential for the tour guide to be well trained so that he can adequately impart knowledge to the tourist about the natural and cultural history, environment interpretation and ethical principles of the area being toured. Sport Tourism Sport tourism is when an individual and/or groups of people whom actively or passively participate in competitive or recreational sport, whilst travelling to and/or staying in places outside their usual environment (Gammon Robinson, 2003). A sport tourist is among the top ten spending tourists in the world, they are more adventurous, they like to travel, and they tend to take family along since sport is such big entertainment. Ways in which the tourism and hospitality industry can cater to the needs of potential tourist is to set up infrastructures to accommodate major sport activities. Jamaicans are well known in the world for having good sprinters; Jamaican can capitalize on team Jamaica by supporting track events that may attract tourist to visit the island, e. . boys and girl championship, diamond league. On a larger scale, the country could invest into putting up an international stadium that can accommodate e. g. the world Olympics; this would be a boom in sport tourism in Jamaica. References Received by: Tourism geography a new synthesi (bookgoogle. com) Received by: Impact of climate on tourism demand (Hamburg university research by wietze lisel and Richard) fnu. zmaw. e/fileadmin/fnu-files/modelsdata/htm/cctou rism. pdf Received by: Conterbury-nz. academica. edu/island-biogeographic approch Received by: Hospitality Jamaica: legacy from world camps and Olympics hospitalityjamaica. com sportl. html. Received by: sport tourism-Wikipedia free encyclopedia Ministry of tourism www. tourismjamaica. com Tourism geography Sub-sectors of tourism and Geography and how the knowledge of these sub sectors may elp tourism/ hospitality industry to cater for the psychological demands and the purpose of travel for potential tourist. By Kennola Slater ID#:10T10283 An Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for Tourism Geography TOUR2301 as a Requirement in the Hospitality and Tourism Management Programme for the Associate of Science Degree Programme at Excelsior Community College, Jamaica. School of Hospitality Entertainment and Tourism Management Excelsior Community College, Jamaica Lecturer Name: Duane Daley

Deportation at Breakfast (1991 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deportation at Breakfast (1991 - Essay Example It initially looks like an enigma, is the pivotal point of the story around which the future of the protagonist revolves and evolves! The protagonist has distanced himself from others and placed himself in the middle of the action, willing to face the uncertainties and eventualities. The other characters are engaged in carefree gossip, and are unable to appreciate the important developments that will take place at the counter, shortly. It is going to be a decisive moment in the life for the protagonist. The police invade the diner, none notices it except the protagonist. Javier is led away from behind the counter, and a new phase in his life begins. It is a moment of decision for the protagonist and he takes the right one according to his well-guided conscience, gets off the sidelines, he is no more a fence-sitter, and he is in to the game by crossing over to the counter to assume the responsibilities held by Javier, until police whisked him away. Thus, the protagonist fills in the r ole previously held by Javier, admirably,is there well in time to make the life changing decision. What happens to the protagonist once he crosses over to the other side of the fence, is altogether a different issue. For example, the mighty mountain remains under the feet of the conqueror. Success, however, is not the level of ones achievements in life. It is the process of living—how boldly one meets the challenges of life! No individual is a failure unless one admits defeat! Protagonist deserves full appreciation, for he honors the process of living and does what is right for his future, under the circumstances. Readiness is what matters in life, whether at the individual level or at the highest level to decide an issue. In his inaugural address after taking oath of office on 20th January 1961 John Kennedy said, "For only when our arms are sufficient beyond

Discovery Timeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discovery Timeline - Essay Example Up until the 16th century, people thought that heavy objects fell faster. Galileo Galilei, in 1585, climbed to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped two objects. One object was heavy and the other was light, but both reached the ground at the same time. Thus, he proved that objects fall at the same rate and accelerate as they fall. (Ed-Helper, n.d) Later on, Galilei expressed his theories with equations, and his discoveries and equations served as a guideline for Newton's equations of gravity, which are still used to date. In 1752, Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. 'Ben suspected that lightning was an electrical current in nature, and he wanted to see if he was right. One way to test his idea would be to see if the lightning would pass through metal. He decided to use a metal key and looked around for a way to get the key up near the lightning. he used a child's toy, a kite, to prove that lightning is really a stream of electrified air, known today as plasma. His famous stormy kite flight in June of 1752 led him to develop many of the terms that we still use today when we talk about electricity: battery, conductor, condenser, charge, discharge, uncharged, negative, minus, plus, electric shock, and electrician.' (AmericanRevolution, n.d) In 1879, Thomas Edison discovered the incand... Incandescent light bulbs or lamps are sources of artificial light which use electricity to emit light. With this discovery, he enabled portable lighting, such as table lamps, some car headlamps and electric flashlights, and decorative and advertising lighting. References 1. Bill Arnett (last updated: 2007 Jun 02) Appendix 3:Chronology of Solar System Discovery. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.nineplanets.org/history.html 2. The Age of Discovery - Gravity and Gauss. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from http://edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_204.html 3. Benjamin Franklin and Discovery of Electricity. Rerieved May 29, 2008 from http://www.americanrevolution.com/BenjaminFranklinElectricity.htm. 4. Tom Edison (n.d). Incandescent Light. Retrieved May 29, 2008 from